Di sini ada aku

Teman-teman,

mulai saat ini sampai waktu yang belum ditentukan saya pindah dulu kesana dan kesitu.

Jadi, rajin-rajin kunjungi saya yah?! Ditunggu komentar, kritik, dan sarannya.

Trimakasih!

Salam,

D

Ku post saja bahan kuliah disini, tanpa ditranslete <hehe!>

A tablet is a mixture of active substances and binders, usually in powder form, pressed , compressed into a solid.

Medicines to be taken orally are very often supplied in tablet form; indeed the word tablet without qualification would be taken to refer to a medicinal tablet. Medicinal tablets are usually called pills. Other products are manufactured in the form of tablets which dissolve; e.g., for cleaning and deodorizing.

Medicinal tablets are usually intended to be swallowed, and are of a suitable size and shape. A coating may be applied to hide the taste of the tablet’s components or to make it resistant to environmental conditions. Tablets for other purposes, e.g., effervescent medicinal tablets and non-medicinal tablets, may be larger.

Medicinal tablets were originally made in the shape of a disk of whatever color their components determined, but are now made in many shapes and colors to help users to distinguish between different medicines that they take. Tablets are often stamped with symbols, letters, and numbers which enable them to be identified. Sizes of tablets to be swallowed range from a few millimeters to about a centimeter. Some tablets are in the shape of capsules, and are called "caplets".

When Tylenol (paracetamol/acetaminophen) capsules were laced with cyanide (an incident referred to as the Tylenol scare), many people stopped buying capsules because they are easy to contaminate, in favor of tablets, which are not. Some makers of OTC (over-the-counter) drugs responded by starting to make what they termed "caplets", which were actually just tablets made in the shape of a capsule.

Tablets are often scored to allow them easily to be broken into equal halves for smaller doses.

Some people have difficulty swallowing tablets, this is called dysphagia. This is often caused by a gag reflex.

Tabletting formulations

In the tablet-pressing process, it is important that all ingredients be dry, powdered, and of uniform grain size as much as possible. Mixed grain sizes tend to separate out due to operational vibrations which can result in inconsistent tableting.

Some substances may be tableted as pure substances, but this is usually not the case; most formulations include excipients. Normally, an inactive ingredient termed a binder is added to help hold the tablet together and give it strength. A wide variety of binders may be used, some common ones including lactose powder, sucrose powder, tapioca starch (cassava flour) and microcrystalline and other forms of modified cellulose.

Often, an ingredient is also needed to act as an disintegrant that dissolves readily in water to help the tablet disperse once swallowed. Some binders, such as starch, are also excellent disintegrants.

Small amounts of lubricants are usually added, as well. The most common of these are stearic acid (stearin) and magnesium stearate. These help the tablets, once pressed, to be more easily ejected from the die.

Various pills

Many tablets today are coated after being pressed. Although sugar-coating was popular in the past, the process has many drawbacks. Modern tablet coatings are polymer and polysaccharide based, with plasticizers and pigments included. Tablet coatings must be stable and strong enough to survive the handling of the tablet, must not make tablets stick together during the coating process, and must follow the fine contours of embossed characters or logos on tablets. Coatings can also facilitate printing on tablets, if required. Coatings are necessary for tablets that have an unpleasant taste, and a smoother finish makes large tablets easier to swallow. Tablet coatings are also useful to extend the shelf-life of components that are sensitive to moisture or oxidation. Opaque materials like titanium dioxide can protect light-sensitive actives from photodegradation. Special coatings (for example with pearlescent effects) can enhance brand recognition.

If the active ingredient of a tablet is sensitive to acid, or is irritant to the stomach lining, an enteric coating can be used, which is resistant to stomach acid and dissolves in the high pH of the intestines. Enteric coatings are also used for medicines that can be negatively affected by taking a long time to reach the small intestine where they are absorbed. Coatings are often chosen to control the rate of dissolution of the drug in the gastro-intestinal tract. Some drugs will be absorbed better at different points in the digestive system. If the highest percentage of absorption of a drug takes place in the stomach, a coating that dissolves quickly and easily in acid will be selected. If the rate of absorption is best in the large intestine or colon, then a coating that is acid resistant and dissolves slowly would be used to ensure it reached that point before dispersing. The area of the gastro-intestinal tract with the best absorption for any particular drug is usually determined by clinical trials. coating can be performed broadly by two ways a) enteric coating, b) sugar coating

Tablet presses

Tablet presses, also called tabletting machines, range from small, inexpensive bench-top models that make one tablet at a time (single-station presses), no more than a few thousand an hour, and with only around a half-ton pressure, to large, computerized, industrial models (multi-station rotary or eccentric presses) that can make hundreds of thousands of tablets an hour with much greater pressure. Some tablet presses can make extremely large tablets, such as some of the toilet cleaning and deodorizing products or dishwasher soap. Others can make smaller tablets, from regular aspirin to some the size of a bb gun pellet. Tablet presses may also be used to form tablets out of a wide variety of materials, from powdered metals to cookie crumbs. The tablet press is an essential piece of machinery for any pharmaceutical manufacturer.

Pill-splitters

It is sometimes necessary to split pills into halves or quarters. Tablets are easier to break accurately if scored, but there are devices called pill-splitters which cut unscored (and, obviously, also scored) pills.

I’m okay, trimakasih perhatiannya. Hanya sempat panik, "Nih gedung tinggi juga. Kalo ketimpa gak lucu kan?!"

Mana ada yang sempat terluka lagi.

OK, stop talking about it.

Hari ini, dampaknya baru terasa. Gara-gara tidur tak tenang, paginya aq langsung "tewas"! Duh, mana kul penuh dari jam 8 sampe 12.40. Lanjut dengan praktikum dari 13.30-selesai <nyang biasanya selesai jam setengah lima plus-minus!>

Ternyata eh ternyata, paginya dosen gak datang. Jam 10 dosen ybs jadi penguji kompre. Nyang jam 12 kuliah sih. PA qu gitu loh?!

Then, praktikum tak ngapa-ngapain gara-gara, ah panjang critanya,lembot! Bikin tambah jajok. Lengkaplah sudah!! <sebel gw!!>

Gini, critanya kita minggu kemarin sudah distilasi garda munggu, dapatlah minyak kapulaga itu. Nah, minggu ini critanya evaluasi. Ngukur kelarutan, BJ, indeks bias, sama rotasi optik. Tiga terakhir ini bermasalah.

Nyang pikno 5 ml gak ada, adanya yg 10 ml <please deh! Sampel kita 10 ml sj tak sampai. Moso’ kita sih yg nyari tuh pikno jelek sendiri?!>

Nyang alat ngukur indeks bias sm rotasi optik hrs pake surat pengantar dari dosen dulu <numpang di lab laen sih!>. Mane aye tau, Pak?!! Bukannya itu seharusnya sdh diurus sblmnya sm lab?! <Aghhhh!!>

Agh! Menzebalkan skali! Akhirnya kita mohon-mohon ke asisten terkasih supaya bisa pulang duluan ja. Lagian, ngapain ngejogrok gak di jelas di lab? Salah-salah kugangguin aje praktikan laen !

Tapi ya itu, sisten tak mengijinkan. Ya udah, gw nyanyi aja :

"Sampai kapan kau gantung waktu praktikumkuuuu

memberi harapan,

yang membuatku tak tahan lagi

dan ingin gantung dirimu….huooooooo!!"

dilanjutkan dengan

"Kebelet pulang, kebelet pulang,

kebelet pulang, sisten!"

Dan, haha, akhirnya kita diijinkan pulang juga setelah 1 jam mengiba-ngiba <cuman setengah jam lebih cepat dari waktu yg dijanjikan!!>.

Oh, Sisten t’chayank! I do lop yu dah!!

Pagi berujung mendung

tandanya Senja kan kelam, Sayang.

Mentari lebih memilih sembunyi di balik awan

kelabu jadinya, Sayang.

Bila nyatanya akhir kita juga seperti itu

apa boleh buat, Sayang.

Tapi kalau bisa

jangan, Sayang.

Lelah kan kau berjuang demi identitas kita, Sayang.

Yang bertahun kau dan aku perjuangkan

dengan riak semangatmu

dan ruahnya asa ku.

Jadi, mari terus kita perjuangkan, Sayang.

Tak ada kata henti,

karna ku tak mau mulai lagi, yang kali ini dari minus.

Saat ini,

biar ku jadi smangatmu

dan kau jadi asa ku.

Mari Sayang, kita Bergembira!

–di antara teriknya mentari dan kelabunya hati–

Ada saatnya bahkan seorang ‘musuh’ lebih baik daripada sahabat sendiri.Minimal dia tak pernah ingkar padaku.Apa yang ditunjukkannya padaku adalah jujur,ketaksukaannya padaku,bahkan kebenciannya setidaknya membuatku paham,agar lebih berhati-hati dalam berkata maupun berkata.

Punya ‘musuh’ (baca:orang yang jelas-jelas menunjukkan ketaksukaannya padaku) memang tidak enak.Tapi jauh lebih menyakitkan memiliki dia yang mengaku teman,atau bahkan sahabat,yang tak sungkan menyakiti hati yang memang sangat rentan ini.

Mungkin ia tak menyadarinya.Bisa juga ia tahu tapi menganggap ‘its okey’ saja…toh teman harus saling memahami.

Hey,itu benar!Dimana-mana hubungan harus dilandasi saling memahami, kalau nggak bisa kacau!!Tapi…alangkah naifnya dirimu ’sobat’ bila masih mengaku "sahabat" sedangkan sudah berulangkali kau sakiti hati ini….(duhhhhh puitisnya…)

Dirimu bagaikan si buta yang mencoba menyeberang jalan di Khatib Sulaiman hari Senin pagi tanpa dituntun!!! Yah..akibatnya tabrakan.Ajaibnya dirimu tak luka,tapi si pengendara yang parah,mobilnya rusak,kepalanya benjol,badan memar,bahkan harus berurusan dengan polisi karena nabrak pembatas jalan berusaha menghindari kecelakaan itu!!!!

Maaf ’sobat’….. aku gak mau jadi "si pengendara" itu.

Jangan sebut dirimu sahabat bila tak paham hati sahabamu.
Jangan sebut dirimu sahabat bila menyenangkan hatinya pun kau tak bisa.jangan sebut dirimu sahabat bila menyokongnya juga kau tak mampu,keluhnya tak kau tanggapi,senangnya kau acuhkan……..

Berteman sajalah dulu.
Belajar menjadi teman,teman yang baik….teman yang menyenangkan..tapi bukan sahabat,karena bagiku arti sahabat begitu dalam….
Ia yang dapat kupercaya
Ia yang padanya kubersandar
ia yang percaya padaku
ia yang juga bersandar padaku
Kami cukup saling memahami, tanpa perlu banyak berkata…